Uhl, J. ., Fleming, M. ., Merrill, J. E., & Haudek, K. C. (2019). Development of a constructed response automated assessment question to elicit student thinking about epigenetics [Roundtable discussion]. In National Meeting for the Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research. Minneapolis, MN.

Haudek, K. C., Romulo, C. ., Anderson, S. ., Vincent, S. ., Horne, L. ., Manzanares, A. ., … Azzarello, C. . (2023). Development of a Next Generation Concept Inventory with AI-based Evaluation for College Environmental Programs. In AERA Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL: American Educational Research Association. http://doi.org/10.3102/IP.23.2014058 (Original work published April 2023)

Fleming, M. ., Uhl, J. ., & Haudek, K. C. (2019). Development of constructed response items to elicit student thinking about ecology and use with automated assessment. In Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research. Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved from https://saberbio.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/SAB\%20ER\%202019\%20Round\%20table\%20abstracts.2.pdf

Shiroda, M. ., Fleming, M. ., & Haudek, K. C. (2023). Ecological diversity methods improve quantitative examination of student language in short constructed responses in STEM. Frontiers in Education, 8. http://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.989836 (Original work published February 2023)

Kaldaras, L. ., Haudek, K. C., & Krajcik, J. . (2024). Employing automatic analysis tools aligned to learning progressions to assess knowledge application and support learning in STEM. International Journal of STEM Education, 11(1). http://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-024-00516-0 (Original work published November 2024)

Foster, T. ., Haudek, K. C., Moscarella, R. A., Yoho, R. ., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2017). Enzyme Structure and Function: Comparing Student Responses to Multiple Question Versions [Poster]. In CREATE for STEM Mini Conference.

Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., Stuhlsatz, M. ., & Wilson, C. D. (2020). Evaluation of construct-irrelevant variance yielded by machine and human scoring of a science teacher PCK constructed response assessment. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67, 100916. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100916

Prevost, L. B., Haudek, K. C., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2012). Examining student constructed explanations of thermodynamics using lexical analysis. In Frontiers in Education. Seattle, WA. (Original work published October 2012)

Prevost, L. B., Haudek, K. C., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2012). Examining students’ ability to apply thermodynamics concepts in biology: computerized lexical analysis reveals heterogeneous ideas. In Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research. Minneapolis, MN.

Haudek, K. C., & Zhai, X. . (2024). Examining the Effect of Assessment Construct Characteristics on Machine Learning Scoring of Scientific Argumentation. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 34. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00385-8 (Original work published December 2024)

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2014). Examining the Impact of Question Surface Features on Students Answers to Constructed Response Questions in Biology. CREATE for STEM Mini Conference. East Lansing, MI. (Original work published February 2014)

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2014). Examining the impact of question surface features on students’ answers to constructed response questions in biology [Poster]. In University Undergraduate Research and Art Forum (UURAF). Michigan State University.

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2014). Examining the impact of question surface features on students’ answers to constructed response questions in biology [Poster]. In University Undergraduate Research and Art Forum (UURAF). Michigan State University.

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2014). Examining the impact of question surface features on students’ answers to constructed response questions in biology [Poster]. In CREATE for STEM Mini Conference. East Lansing, MI.

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2015). Examining the Impact of Question Surface Features on Students’ Answers to Constructed-Response Questions on Photosynthesis. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 14(2). http://doi.org/doi:10.1187/cbe.14-07-0110

Urban-Lurain, M. ., Cooper, M. ., Haudek, K. C., Kaplan, J. J., Knight, J. K., Lemons, P. P., … Sydlik, M. . (2014). Expanding a National Network for Automated Analysis of Constructed Response Assessments to Reveal Student Thinking in STEM. In ASEE. Indianapolis, IN. Retrieved from http://www.asee.org/public/conferences/32/papers/9856/view (Original work published June 2014)

Urban-Lurain, M. ., Bierema, A. M.-K., Haudek, K. C., Hoskinson, A.-M. ., Kaplan, J. J., Knight, J. K., … Sydlik, M. . (2016). Expanding a National Network for Automated Analysis of Constructed Response Assessments to Reveal Student Thinking in STEM. In American Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from http://www.enfusestem.org/projects/collaborative-research-expanding-a-national-network-for-automated-analysis-of-constructed-response-assessments-to-reveal-student-thinking-in-stem-5/ (Original work published April 2016)

Urban-Lurain, M. ., Cooper, M. ., Haudek, K. C., Kaplan, J. J., Knight, J. K., Lemons, P. P., … Sydlik, M. . (2015). Expanding a national network for automated analysis of constructed response assessments to reveal student thinking in STEM. Computers in Education Journal, 6(1), 65–81.

Shiroda, M. ., Doherty, J. H., & Haudek, K. C. (2024). Exploring Attributes of Successful Machine Learning Assessments for Scoring of Undergraduate Constructed Response Assessment Items. In X. . Zhai & J. . Krajcik (Eds.), Uses of Artificial Intelligence in STEM Education (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198882077.003.0007

Haudek, K. C., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Russell, A. A. (2013). Exploring Computerized Lexical Analysis to Predict Calibrated Peer Review Ratings of Student Writing in Chemistry. In NARST. Rio Grande, Puerto Rico. (Original work published April 2013)

Uhl, J. ., Sripathi, K. N., Saldanha, J. ., Moscarella, R. A., & Haudek, K. C. (2019). Exploring student thinking about genetics information flow in large enrollment undergraduate classes [Presentation]. In PKAL-Ohio. Dayton, OH.

Moscarella, R. A., Hall, D. ., Haudek, K. C., Mazur, A. ., Sripathi, K. N., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2017). Exploring students ideas about the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA. In Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research.

Cockerill, H. ., Bierema, A. M.-K., Moscarella, R. A., Haudek, K. C., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2017). Exploring Students Ideas of the Origin of Genetic Variation [Poster]. In CREATE for STEM Mini-Conference. East Lansing, MI.

Haudek, K. C., & Zhai, X. . (2021). Exploring the Effect of Assessment Construct Complexity on Machine Learning Scoring of Argumentation. In NARST Annual Conference. Virtual: National Association for Research on Science Teaching and Learning. Retrieved from https://beyondmultiplechoice.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Haudek_ExploringConstructComplexityonML_NARST2021.pdf (Original work published April 2021)

Yoho, R. ., Kohn, K. ., Haudek, K. C., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2020). Exploring the meaning of function as a complex idea embedded within the crosscutting concept of structure and function. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 31.

Merrill, J. E., Haudek, K. C., Smith, M. K., Lemons, P. P., Prevost, L. B., Nehm, R. H., … Urban-Lurain, M. . (2015). Faculty Learning Communities as a Focus for Assessment-Driven Instructional Change. In CREATE for STEM Mini Conference. East Lansing, MI.

Li, T. ., Kaldaras, L. ., Haudek, K. C., & Krajcik, J. . (2025). Feedback on Utilizing Deep Learning AI to Analyze Scientific Models. In NARST Annual Conference. National Harbor, MD: NARST. (Original work published March 2025)

Royse, E. A., Manzanares, A. ., Wang, H. ., Haudek, K. C., Azzarello, C. ., Horne, L. ., … Romulo, C. . (2024). FEW questions, many answers: using machine learning to assess how students connect food–energy–water (FEW) concepts. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11. http://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03499-z (Original work published August 2024)

Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., Shi, L. ., Nehm, R. H., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2020). From substitution to redefinition: A framework of machine-learning based science assessment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. http://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21658 (Original work published October 2020)

Haudek, K. C., Kaplan, J. J., Knight, J. K., Long, T. ., Merrill, J. E., Munn, A. ., … Urban-Lurain, M. . (2011). Harnessing Technology to Improve Formative Assessment of Student Conceptions in STEM: Forging a National Network. CBE - Life Sciences Education, 10, 149–155. http://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.11-03-0019

Weston, M. M., Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Lyons, C. ., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2012). How do biology undergraduates "explain" photosynthesis? Investigating student responses to different constructed response question stems. In . Indianapolis: NARST. (Original work published March 2012)

Urban-Lurain, M. ., Moscarella, R. A., Haudek, K. C., Giese, E. ., Merrill, J. E., & Sibley, D. F. (2010). Insight into student thinking in STEM: Lessons learned from lexical analysis of student writing. NARST Annual International Conference. Philadelphia, PA.

Yoho, R. ., Foster, T. ., Urban-Lurain, M. ., Merrill, J. E., & Haudek, K. C. (2019). Interdisciplinary insights from instructor interviews reconciling "structure and function" in biology, biochemistry, and chemistry through the context of enzyme binding. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research, 1. http://doi.org/10.1186/s43031-019-0016-7 (Original work published December 2019)

Uhl, J. D., Sripathi, K. N., Saldanha, J. N., Moscarella, R. A., Merrill, J. ., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Haudek, K. C. (2021). Introductory biology undergraduate students mixed ideas about genetic information flow. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 49(3). http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21483 (Original work published May 2021)

Wang, H. ., Li, T. ., Haudek, K. C., Royse, E. A., Manzanares, A. ., Adams, S. ., … Romulo, C. . (2023). Is ChatGPT a Threat to Formative Assessment in College-Level Science? An Analysis of Linguistic and Content-Level Features to Classify Response Types. Berlin, Germany. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7947-9_13

Kaldaras, L. ., Li, T. ., Djagba, P. ., Haudek, K. C., & Krajcik, J. . (2025). Learning Progression-Guided AI Evaluation of Scientific Models Integrating Writing and Drawing to Support Multi-Modal Knowledge In Use. In AERA Annual Conference. Denver, CO: AERA. (Original work published April 2025)

Kaldaras, L. ., Li, T. ., Djagba, P. ., Haudek, K. C., & Krajcik, J. . (2025). Learning Progression-Guided AI Evaluation of Scientific Models To Support Diverse Multi-Modal Understanding in NGSS Classroom. In NARST Annual Conference. National Harbor, MD: NARST. (Original work published March 2025)

Haudek, K. C., Prevost, L. B., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2012). Lexical and qualitative analysis of students’ written responses and interviews explaining chemical functional group behavior in cellular biology. In Society for the Advancement of Biology Education Research. Minneapolis, MN.

Sripathi, K. N., Moscarella, R. A., Steele, M. ., Yoho, R. ., You, H. ., Prevost, L. B., … Haudek, K. C. (2023). Machine Learning Mixed Methods Text Analysis: An Illustration From Automated Scoring Models of Student Writing in Biology Education. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 15586898231153946. http://doi.org/10.1177/15586898231153946 (Original work published February 2023)

Sripathi, K. N., Moscarella, R. A., Yoho, R. ., You, H. S., Urban-Lurain, M. ., Merrill, J. E., & Haudek, K. C. (2019). Mixed Student Ideas about Mechanisms of Human Weight Loss. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 18, ar37. http://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-11-0227

Lyons, C. ., Jones, S. ., Merrill, J. E., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Haudek, K. C. (2011). Moving Across Scales: Using Lexical Analysis to Reveal Student Reasoning about Photosynthesis. In National Association of Research on Science Teaching. Orlando, FL. (Original work published April 2011)

Doherty, J. H., Cerchiara, J. A., Scoot, E. E., Jescovitch, L. N., McFarland, J. ., Haudek, K. C., & Wenderoth, M. P. . (2023). Oaks to arteries: The Physiology Core Concept of flow down gradients supports transfer of student reasoning. Advances in Physiology Education. http://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00155.2022

Jescovitch, L. N., Haudek, K. C., Steele, M. ., Sripathi, K. N., Saldanha, J. ., Santiago, M. ., … Merrill, J. E. (2018). Predicting mental models of undergraduate thinking in STEM courses using computerized analysis [Poster]. In STEM Alliance. Michigan State University.

Knapp, J. ., Sripathi, K. N., Haudek, K. C., Urban-Lurain, M. ., & Merrill, J. E. (2017). Prevalent Student Conceptions Involving Structure-Function Relationships in Cell Membranes [Poster]. In Mid-Michigan Symposium for Undergraduate Research Experiences.

Sripathi, K. N., Cockerill, H. ., Knapp, J. ., Urban-Lurain, M. ., Haudek, K. C., & Merrill, J. E. (2018). Probing students’ mental models about structure-function relationships in the cell membrane. In Conference at the Interface of Discipline-Based Education Research (DBER) in STEM and Psychological Science. St. Louis, MO.

Cockerill, H. ., Bierema, A. M.-K., Moscarella, R. A., Sripathi, K. N., Yoho, R. ., & Haudek, K. C. (2017). Qualitative Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Writing of the Origin of Genetic Variation [Poster]. In Mid-Michigan Symposium for Undergraduate Research Experiences.

Bierema, A. M.-K., Hoskinson, A.-M. ., Moscarella, R. A., Lyford, A. ., Haudek, K. C., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2020). Quantifying cognitive bias in educational researchers. International Journal of Research \& Method in Education. http://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2020.1804541 (Original work published August 2020)

Lira, C. T., Steele, M. ., Haudek, K. C., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2016). Rapid Analysis of Written Responses to Reveal Student Misconceptions in Thermodynamics. In Annual Meeting of the AIChE.

You, H. S., Merrill, J. E., Haudek, K. C., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2019). Rasch validation of computer scored constructed response items in undergraduate introductory biology courses. In NARST. Baltimore, MD.

Sripathi, K. N., Steele, M. ., Haudek, K. C., Merrill, J. E., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2017). Representing students constructed responses in STEM courses: Which visualizations appeal to various stakeholders?. In Gordon Research Conference on Visualization in Science and Education.